![]() (a) A PEG nerve guide made with a wall thickness of 50 mm by μSLA. (g) Confocal microscopy images show interconnected structures of the encapsulated HUVECs after migrating to outer regions of the bioprinted fibers at day10. HUVECs encapsulated in the hydrogel were inclined to aggregate and migrate to form annular ring patterns along the channel. (f) Confocal fluorescence images of hMSCs and HUVECs co-cultured in designed vascular channel regions for 1 week. ![]() (e) 3D-printed PPF scaffolds as venous interposition grafts at the time of in vivo implantation. hMSCs were labeled with cell tracker green, and HUVECs were stained with cell tracker red. (d) Confocal fluorescence images of hMSCs and HUVECs co-cultured on various scaffolds in a static culture condition for 5 days. (c) Confocal image of live HUVEC cells lining the microchannel walls using the same fugitive ink method. ![]() (Scale bar = 10 mm) Reproduced with permission. (b) Fluorescent image of a 3D microvascular network fabricated via omnidirectional printing of a fugitive ink (dyed red) within a photopolymerized Pluronic F127-diacrylate matrix. A partial z-stack of two intersecting channels demonstrated endothelialization of channel walls and across the intervessel junction, while in the surrounding bulk gel 10T1/2 cells are seen beginning to spread out in three dimensions. A confocal z-stack montage demonstrating HUVECs (expressing mCherry, red) were residing in the vascular space with 10T1/2 cells (expressing EGFP, green) uniformly distributed throughout a bulk fibrin gel, after one day in culture. (a) 3D printed perfusable vascularized tissue constructs. We conclude with current challenges and the technical perspective for further development of 3D organ bioprinting.ģD bioprinting biomaterials neural regeneration organ regeneration regenerative medicine vascularization. We focus on the applications of this technology for engineering living organs, focusing more specifically on vasculature, neural networks, the heart and liver. Here we provide an overview of recent advances in 3D bioprinting technology, as well as design concepts of bioinks suitable for the bioprinting process. It enables precise control over multiple compositions, spatial distributions, and architectural accuracy/complexity, therefore achieving effective recapitulation of microstructure, architecture, mechanical properties, and biological functions of target tissues and organs. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is evolving into an unparalleled biomanufacturing technology due to its high-integration potential for patient-specific designs, precise and rapid manufacturing capabilities with high resolution, and unprecedented versatility. Regenerative medicine holds the promise of engineering functional tissues or organs to heal or replace abnormal and necrotic tissues/organs, offering hope for filling the gap between organ shortage and transplantation needs.
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